Sperm cells are made continuously in the testicles, then mature in the epididymis, where they learn to move. At ejaculation, they travel up the vas deferens and mix with fluids from the seminal vesicles and prostate to form semen. The whole cycle takes about three months.
A sperm cell has a head, which carries the genetic material, a midpiece, which provides energy, and a tail, which lets it swim. A semen analysis measures their number, movement and shape.
In the diagram: A path of sperm · B structure of a sperm cell
1 Testicle · 2 Epididymis · 3 Vas deferens · 4 Seminal vesicle · 5 Prostate · 6 Head · 7 Midpiece · 8 Tail
If a couple has not conceived after 12 months of regular intercourse (6 months if the woman is over 35), both partners should be assessed. The male factor is involved in about half of cases.
A consultation, a physical exam, a semen analysis and, depending on the case, hormone tests and an ultrasound.
These signs should prompt a visit to a urologist:
History, lifestyle, medication and how long you have been trying, ideally with your partner.
Examination of the testicles and check for a varicocele.
Done after 2 to 5 days of abstinence, and repeated if abnormal.
Depending on results: hormone tests, scrotal ultrasound, genetic testing.
Treatment is chosen together with you, based on the cause, how severe the symptoms are and what matters to you.
Smoking, alcohol, weight and heat exposure all affect sperm quality.
Treating an infection or hormone imbalance when it is the cause.
For example, varicocele repair when it is indicated.
If needed, referral to a fertility centre (IUI, IVF, ICSI), together with your gynaecologist.
ConseilsVolume, concentration, motility, normal forms… How to prepare for a semen analysis, how to read the WHO reference values, what oligo-, astheno- or teratozoospermia mean, and what to do if a result is abnormal.
ConseilsA heavy feeling in the scrotum, swollen veins, an abnormal semen analysis… Varicoceles are common and often harmless. How to recognise one, when it should be treated and which techniques exist.
ConseilsErection problems are common and treatable in most cases. Physical and psychological causes, the link with heart health, what happens at the consultation and the treatments available.
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Learn moreThe information on this website is for general information only and does not replace a medical consultation.
